FAO Scythe Cradle photos

As promised, here are the photos of the FAO cradle from their ‘Small Farm Implements’ publication of 1953. In the introduction, the authors (our Mr Hopfen again along with Dr E. Biesalski) make an insightful point which, for me, is at the heart of why I promote the use of the scythe to smallholders, orchard owners, allotmenteers and anyone else with a small amount of vegetation to manage:

Such small implements have the great advantage of being suitable for use on any type of field, and of always being ready for work. Particularly on small fields, they can sometimes accomplish a task more quickly than larger machines which have to be put into working condition before the actual work begins and which need additional attention after the work has been accomplished.

Here then is the instruction manual for building your very own FAO grain cradle, I look forward to seeing them in the fields and at the various scythe events this summer.
 
ps. If you do build one, please get in touch – I’d love to see it.

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Peeling Oak Bark with CANW

On Sunday I met with other members of the Coppice Association NW (CANW) at Moss and Heights Spring Woods for a day of peeling oak bark.
The woods were worked for many years by legendary coppicer Bill Hogarth up until his death in 1999. The woods were then worked by other coppice workers before management was taken on by the Woodland Trust. Just a few weeks ago a deal was made for the woods to be leased to the Bill Hogarth Memorial Apprenticeship Trust (BHMAT) and managed by CANW. The timing fell ideally for us to go in and peel some oak bark, one of Bill’s favourite jobs.
Bark peeling is carried out in the spring, when the weather is warm (even in Cumbria) and the sap is rising in the trees. This makes it possible to strip the bark easily, using a special tool looking like a blunt carving gouge. The bark is collected, dried and sold to the J&FJ Baker in Colyton, Devon, the last tannery in Britain using oak for curing leather. Rebecca Oaks gave us an introduction and demonstration, along with the motivation that 1 tonne of dried bark is currently worth about £600 which sounds a fantastic, but that’s a lot of bark!

A dozen or so  people soon organised themselves with a team felling the oak and bringing it over to where the peeling was taking place. These meetings are a great place to catch up with friends and meet new people from the local coppice and greenwood working network. There’s always plenty of news and banter which makes the day fly by. It’s a somehow very satisfying and tactile process and many people commented on the suprisingly sensual nature of it.  For me it was much like skinning rabbits or deer – you start off with a tool to begin the peeling but then the best tools are your hands, pushing and teasing off the bark. Inside, the wood is wet with sap and glistens with newness.
In amongst the oak which was being coppiced were a good few birch trees which were also felled but put aside. I’ve got a developing interest in birch and all it’s uses so I decided to see if I could peel some birch bark. In more northern countries birch bark is widely used for making containers, canoes, roofing, clothes and many other items. The bark here in the UK is much thinner but should still be a useful material.
I selected a good clean looking trunk and scored the bark with a knife to remove a small length of bark. Initially I could see it splitting inside and thought I was damaging the bark but this was actually the thicker cambium layer which came away from the wood too. It was then possible to peel the bark away from the cambium though a lot of care was needed at this stage not to damage the bark.  We’re a curious bunch and my peeling soon attracted a lot of interest when people saw the sheets of bark and felt how soft but strong they felt, like thin leather. A couple more members had a go and we went away with bark promising to share our experiences of working with it.
By the end of the day we had a several bundles of bark for drying and piles of naked looking oak poles. These can be used for rustic garden furniture making, firewood or charcoal; the secret of making coppice work economical is to use every part of the tree, something that Bill Hogarth was a master of.

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Beginners' course fully booked

My first course of the year, for beginners (and folk wanting a refresher) is now fully booked. There’s an interesting mix of people, from those who already have a scythe but are struggling to get the best from it, to those with experience looking for more tuition to fine tune their technique and the just plain curious.
The weather forecast is good, we’ve a fantastic setting at Sprint Mill and I can’t wait to be out among the grass with a bunch of folk discovering the joys of mowing.
For those of you that couldn’t make it this time, I’m hoping to have another course in July. Details to follow.

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Scythe Instruction in Iraq

I wish I was blogging to say I’m just off to some far-flung corner of the world to run a scythe course and escape our current dreary Cumbrian weather. Actually Mr H. J. Hopfen Farm Implements Specialist  of the FAO was made available to the Iraqi Government between 25 Feb and 29 June 1954 to advise and introduce ‘useful improved implements’ one of which was the scythe and cradle.
His report on the project though short is very enjoyable. At that time the cutting of forage and cereals was performed almost entirely with the sickle though the scythe was known in a few places on the Turkish-Iranian border.  These were fitted to a straight snath with a single handgrip made from a short willow branch, bent to the shape of a ‘U’ to enclose the handle and the ends tied with string. Mr Hopfen observes that this design of handgrip is very simple and practical, easily repositioned for different users and even stronger than the grips that he himself had brought.
The original plan for a 2 week course run along with an Austrian scythe blacksmith was deemed ‘impossible’ and so Mr Hopfen carried out his training alone in the Kirkuk region during the month of May. Interest in the training was ‘considerable’ with up to 100 people attending the events which consisted of a demonstration by Mr Hopfen, an invitation to officials and farmers to try the scythe and cradle themselves and other ‘practical instruction and training’ (presumably care and maintenance of the scythe plus peening and sharpening.)
In one particularly pleasing  section, Mr Hopfen travels to the mountain areas around Sidiken on the Iranian-Turkish border to demonstrate the scythe. Unfortunately, ‘the farmers were so eager to obtain the few implement samples which the expert had taken to the mountains, that demonstrations had to be discontinued after only a few days as he had no implements left’! Similar problems were encountered in supply in Kirkuk so Mr Hopfen instructed local carpenters in the making of snaths and cradles.
Unfortunately for me, Mr Hopfen did not include any construction instructions in his report for carpenters local to Kendal though I also have a copy of ‘Small Farm Implements’ which he co-wrote and includes some better photos of cradles to work from. I’ll post them once I’ve finished reading it.

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Cumbria Scythe Festival Confusion

Back in January, Paul Kingsnorth and I met up with the Littoral Trust to discuss this year’s Cumbria Scythe Festival. We were all very enthusiastic for it to go ahead and talked over ideas of how we could build on the first festival. We also discussed dates and set a date of the first weekend in July, to coincide with the local agricultural cutting season, fit into the progression of festival’s moving north through Somerset and Cambridge and, hopefully, to get better weather. The summer months get booked up incredibly quickly so it was good to have this date in the diary.
Unfortunately, the Littoral Trust, who own the site, have this week informed us that they have had to change the date for the event to 23-24th July. Paul, Christiane Lechner nor I, who together led the practical tuition for the festival, will be able to take part because of prior commitments. After the success of last year’s festival, despite the rain I was looking forward to taking part again. I’ll keep you posted on developments.

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Mowing for the first time

Mothersday in Austria – a weekend where I don’t need to do anything because the kids are doing the cooking, washing up and all. So what is better than to have all the time you want for what you enjoy to do in spring and summer – mowing with my scythes. I was excited that it is now the right time to start mowing the young grass. But first the difficult decision for me – what blades am I using this time. I decided on a short 65cm and my long 85cm blade with snaths made by Peter Vido. Happy and excited I went to mow and was surprised that just after a short while I had to pause and even sit down to catch my breath. What had happened – I had forgotten to get myself in contact with the soil, grass, snath, blade and my breath. Sitting there made me aware how important this is and I used the time to do so – never thought this could happen to me.
I mowed a smiley face but it is hard to see because the grass is not all the same hight and I couldn’t get myself in the right position to take a good photo. In a week or so I’ll mow the inside of it and I hope it will be more visible then 🙂
But mowing is not all there is to do. What to do with the grass if no farmer wants to have it and you yourself have no animals who could eat it? There’s only one possibility left – compost heap. I enjoy piling the grass into a neat heap, space enough for all the grass to come during the season. Fresh grass is HEAVY – it does not look like it and every time I’m surprised about it. But with help, it’s shared work 🙂

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Shaving Mule

I was expecting plenty of response to the post “In praise of the homegrown shavehorse” which is a good thing as I want to encourage folk to debate and think about what they’re doing. I thought the first reply warranted a longer reply than is possible in the comments section.
‘r francis’ wrote:

Your ignorance amazes me. The original mule design was by Brian Boggs and made to do the job better and to help him with a back problem. Look up what he designed and how it works.
Both designs have their place. The differences are as apparent as the differences in the finished products made with them

Actually, I was aware that Brian Boggs originally designed a sawn-wood shavehorse but just to check it hadn’t changed I followed your advice and looked it up here. Below you can see the design alongside a picture of me on my own shavehorse for comparison.

The site boasts the innovative new features of this “hybrid design” but I am at a loss to see any that aren’t present in my own horse; the “full adjustability” in the cross piece and support heights, easy assembly (I don’t need the adjustable wrenches), extended work support and compactness are all there. No, I don’t have a “padded genuine leather seat” but I then I can easily add a cushion if I feel that way inclined and I’ve seen plenty of examples of horses with wide comfortable seats carved into them. If your horse has a narrow seat then use a wider plank like the little girl on the ‘clydesdale’.  As for the idea that the foot crossbar “requires the user to fully extend a leg in order to get a good grip on a work-piece” this is simply a matter of  ensuring you have the support and cross piece set to the appropriate positions for the size of the work – the kayak stringer I’m making in the picture is only ¾” but it’s securely held and my legs are comfortably bent. To avoid back problems you need a device that is made to suit your body size which is only possible if you make it yourself.
My main point though, which you seem to have missed, is that in making my shavehorse I used a whole lot of greenwood working techniques that I wouldn’t have learned by buying or making the mule, skills which are then essential for going on to actually produce chairs and other products from parts made on the shavehorse. What those finished products look like is down to the skill of the user, not the design of the workbench.

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New old tools

It’s 7am on a sunday and I’m walking around a farmer’s field in the rain – there must be a car boot sale. Following the recent workshop fire I’m planning to try and repair as many of the tools as possible, retempering them and making handles and sheaths but some things need replacing.  Mainly this is saws where the blade is buckled beyond my skills to straighten, wooden bodied tools or small items that got lost in amongst the debris.
Today I visited 3 local boot sales but the pickings were thin and I only came home with the meager haul below:
The marking guages will get converted into scratch stocks for cutting beads and the big screwdriver is for Charlie, who loves them.  Most interesting is the expansion bit made by Ridgway which will supposedly cut up to a 3″ hole! Maybe the things I’m looking for are too specialised, I’m too fussy or all the old guys’ sheds have been cleared out already.
Meanwhile, a parcel arrived from Richard Bingham, a fellow APT member though someone I’ve never met who read about the workshop fire and generously donated the axe and drawknives below. They’ve already been put to use on some oak chair legs this weekend. The other item in the picture is a tine from an old drag rake, shaved into a square taper 10″ long and with a square tenon. Richard has a few old rakes from his brother’s farm which I hope to get some more info on in the future.

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Going Straight!

With reference to Steve’s note (April 9th) on the Pembrokeshire snath in the Museum of English Rural Life, those interested in snath variations can study this page from an old catalogue.

I came across this on the internet. It’s a catalogue from the Sheffield manufacturer Tyzack and Turner and dates back approximately a hundred years. This page shows quite a range of poles (shafts) on offer, from the familiar S-shaped item to very nearly straight. Presumably the range reflects regional preferences, born out of variations in crop being harvested, climate, type of blade and method of use. I wonder if variations in personal preference came into it as well. The evidence from old paintings also suggests that the S-shaped snath that people regard as the ‘english’ standard was by no means universal. Perhaps it was a relatively recent evolution, or a more expensive variant.
There are other items of interest in the catalogue, including strickles and sickles. To view go to www.tyzack.net/Scythes.pdf

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In praise of the homegrown shavehorse

For most greenwood workers a shavehorse is at the centre of their workshop. An ingeniously simple yet effective device for holding work it is used along with a drawknife to shave chair parts, blanks for the lathe, rake heads and any number of other items. With a little modification it can be used for besom broom, carving bowls and anything else that needs to be held securely while you work.
Its beauty is in its simplicity; William Coperthwaite in ‘A Handmade Life’ says it “can easily be made at home, by a novice, and will work the first time it’s used.” For anyone aspiring to work with green wood, a shavehorse is an ideal first project; your design can be as complicated or simple as your skills, tools, time and materials permit. The building process will include turning spindles for the swingle tree, drilling holes at compound angles and shaving the legs to fit, cleaving and axework are the foundation of working with greenwood and make it an apprenticeship in one item.
So it was disappointing that at the Bodger’s Ball a new design of shavehorse was unveiled which for me has little to do with greenwood working , bypasses this skill learning process and has none of the aesthetics or individuality of its predecessors. Made from lengths of 4×2 of tanalised softwood fastened together with coach screws it seems to jar with the whole ethos of working local unseasoned wood with traditional methods. It is also so ugly that I couldn’t bring myself to take a photo, instead I’ve included pictures of handmade shavehorse from around the web to show their diversity and to provide all the inspiration and plans you need to build one. Everyone’s horse is unique, a reflection of their needs and personality from the strictly utilitarian to those lavishly decorated with seats worthy of a Windsor chair.
The idea behind this new design is “to design a shaving horse that could be made using tools and materials that can be easily obtained in the modern world.” Perhaps this is intended to make it more accessible for those used to working with square timbers who are daunted by the prospect of cleaving components from a round log or who are unsure where to obtain the materials. However, to then go on and propose those same people then make a chair is questionable. Not only is their first foray into the craft now a much more complicated, high-value project but also requires a higher specification of timber. If you can’t find short lengths of wood of whatever species to construct your shavehorse, where will you acquire clean straight lengths of ash for the chair?
Quite apart from that I feel this removes some of the beauty of what it is to be a greenwood worker. We are almost unique in being able to walk into the woods with a simple bag of tools and then make the workshop in situ starting from mallets and wedges for splitting the timbers, through to shavehorses and pole lathes. Afterwards it can be dismantled and left to rot peacefully back into the undergrowth.
Of course, starting a new craft is always daunting and many people will see it as a chicken and egg scenario where you need a shavehorse in order to build one. There is some truth in that, though you can very easily do without. If you need the help then please, go on a workshop where you have the tools and instruction to get you on your way. You’ll have a lot of fun, learn a lot and go away with an incredibly useful device that you can be proud of. And not a coach screw in sight.
 

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